[10:53](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=653s) - Psychiatry vs Neurology

[12:30](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=750s) - blood tests for mental disorders (doesn't work yet)

[13:44](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=824s) - biggest challenge for mental disease — social stigma

[19:09](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=1149s) - body reporting will be complimentary for diagnosis
sleep tracking
food tracking

[21:39](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=1299s) - other people can notice signs of mental disorder in you earlier than you notice them

[22:13](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=1333s) -  early waking up and inability to fall back asleep again can be a sing depression

[23:13](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=1393s) - psychiatry really does help people
for a motivated patient positive effects can manifest after 6-12 sessions

[25:31](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=1531s) - electroconvulsive therapy works against depression

[28:07](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=1687s) - antidepressants initially were developed for treating tuberculosis

[32:25](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=1945s) - Channelrhodopsins
proteins made by green algae 
Andrei Sergeyevich Faminzin from Petersburg. Noticed in the pond near his laboratory that green algae were moving to optimize for the proper insolation (to be subject to just the right amount of light).
Light-driven plant behaviour.
The algae had flagella they used to go where the insolation is the most optimal.
These algae achive this with the help of a single protein in the surface of the cells.
The fotons hit this protein and the algae recieves a signal to move.
What it means is this protein can activate neurons with light.
Here comes the gene therapy. You take the channelrhodopsins producing gene, introduce it to the brain of a mammal and shebang! You now can activate certain neurons in the brain by shining a light on them.
→ Optogenetics ←

[37:27](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=2247s) - curing blidness w it.
They controlled behaviour of mice with channelrhodopsin. 
Light delivery.
Gene delivery.
They put channelrhodopsin into a blind human's eyes and the person now sees.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01351-4

Indirect optogenetics: it helps understand how certain types of cells work by enabling and disabling them with light → this understanding helps cure stuff and improve stuff.

[42:28](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=2548s) - became a scientist because want interested in the brain
words made him feel something and it was fascinated in that
Wanted to become a neurosurgeon.
There was then a  mandatorilly rotation to psychiatry. He felt that there was a lot of deep suffering in it as well as lots of interesting and udiscovered.
Someone's reality can be different from my own!



[47:14](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=2834s) - vagus nerve and Depression

[01:01:53](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=3713s) - what are the quirks a psychiatrist can see in a patient to diagnose a mental disorder
- eyes and eye contact (avoidance of eye contact in autism)
- sound and tone of the voice

[01:07:21](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=4041s) - most effective treatments often have the lowest specificity

[01:08:50](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=4130s) - the most effective antipsychotics often рhave the least specificity

[01:10:30](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=4230s) - psychiatrist often test the drugs they prescribe

[01:12:42](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=4362s) - optogenetics will help us understand what physiological mechanisms lie behind what symptoms and after that we can develop more effective medications to address and change those mechanisms.

[01:15:03](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=4503s) - evidence based treatments for psychiatric disorders
already happening but on a low scale
causal optogenetics

[01:16:06](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=4566s) - brain-machine-interfaces
Neuralink
deep brain stimlation helps in OCD 
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133591

[01:19:34](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=4774s) - ADHD
border between ADHD and just distraction
Adderall
Needs to be generalized to be diagnosed. Not connected to the teacher or exact situation.

[01:24:37](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=5077s) - Andrew used to do a lot of contact sports which involved being hit on the head. After that he felt clear-minded. The symptom disappeared after he turned 16/

[01:25:08](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=5108s) - behaviorial stumuli can activate ADHD (?)

[01:27:04](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=5224s) - Karl has 5 children

[01:27:29](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=5249s) - blocks in a Karl's day 
- day-by-day planning horizon
- an hour of thinking time
- carve out protected time slots
- all reasoning is constructed as inner dialog (he actually talks in his head)

[01:34:37](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=5677s) - focusing practices
Karl doesn't answer that.

[01:37:50](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=5870s) - hydrogel brain chemistry

[01:40:56](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=6056s) - dissociation 

[01:46:20](https://youtu.be/w9MXqXBZy9U&t=6380s) - ketamine therapy&psychodelics therapy
blending of the senses
dream-like states
increase ability of our brains to accept unlikely ways of constructing the world
psychodelics allow us to actually percieve more concepts by our concious mind. Concepts which are usually filtered out before they reach our concious mind.
Psychodelics can help you make new models of the world.
Often patients with depression are stuck.
Everything seems hopeless.
MDMA
The brain learns from those expiriences. For instance it learns that you can conect with people.




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